- A Paternal DNA contributed mainly through the second sperm nucleus delivered during double fertilization, largely on its own in routine practice overall
- B The maternal plant providing nutrients, protective layers (testa from integuments), and imprinted genes that influence seed development and composition
- C Endosperm genes acting largely alone, mostly independent of any contribution from surrounding maternal tissue nearby in most cases under typical conditions
- D The single fertilization event occurring alone, largely without any meaningful contribution from maternal resources available according to standard textbooks
Correct answer: B. The maternal plant providing nutrients, protective layers (testa from integuments), and imprinted genes that influence seed development and composition
Explanation: Maternal effects: seed coat (testa) is entirely maternal diploid tissue. Maternal plant provides nutrients via funicle. Maternal imprinting of some endosperm genes affects seed development and nutrient allocation.
Concept context
Flower structure, pollination, double fertilization, and seed/fruit development — the highest-scoring Class 12 biology chapter in NEET.
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