- A Soil gradually becoming progressively richer and more fertile in organic nutrients through ongoing natural decomposition processes according to standard textbooks
- B Removal of topsoil by water and wind; accelerated by deforestation, overgrazing, improper agricultural practices; reduces agricultural productivity
- C Improvement of overall soil structure that is typically achieved gradually through regular composting and consistent mulching practices in general practice
- D Natural formation of new soil layers through the slow, gradual weathering of underlying bedrock over many centuries as frequently described in most textbook accounts
Correct answer: B. Removal of topsoil by water and wind; accelerated by deforestation, overgrazing, improper agricultural practices; reduces agricultural productivity
Explanation: Soil erosion: loss of topsoil (most fertile layer) by water run-off and wind. Accelerated by: deforestation (roots bind soil), overgrazing, monoculture farming, construction. Effects: reduced agricultural productivity, increased flooding, silting of rivers. Prevention: contour ploughing, cover crops, terracing, afforestation, windbreaks.
Concept context
Pollution, global warming, ozone depletion, deforestation, and sustainability. Important for NEET and general awareness.