- A Designing proteins largely through computer-based modeling, without much laboratory selection step involved according to standard textbooks
- B Iterative cycles of random mutagenesis (or recombination) and selection for improved function (Nobel Prize 2018, Frances Arnold)
- C Mainly rational, structure-based protein design guided largely by known crystal structures available in general practice as frequently described
- D Production efforts limited mainly to generating therapeutic monoclonal antibody molecules specifically in most textbook accounts
Correct answer: B. Iterative cycles of random mutagenesis (or recombination) and selection for improved function (Nobel Prize 2018, Frances Arnold)
Explanation: Directed evolution: create diverse protein library by random mutagenesis/gene shuffling. Select/screen for desired function. Iterate. Mimics natural selection. Frances Arnold (2018 Nobel): first directed enzyme evolution.
Concept context
GM crops, transgenic animals, gene therapy, molecular diagnostics, and bioethics. Frequent 2–3 mark questions in NEET.