Answer: High CO 2 and low pH.
- A High O<sub>2</sub> and low CO<sub>2</sub>
- B Low CO<sub>2</sub> and high pH
- C High CO<sub>2</sub> and low pH
- D High pH and low temperature
Correct answer: C. High CO<sub>2</sub> and low pH
Explanation: The Bohr effect: high CO<sub>2</sub> (lowers pH by forming carbonic acid) and high H+ decrease hemoglobin affinity for O<sub>2</sub>. This promotes O<sub>2</sub> release in active tissues where CO<sub>2</sub> is produced.
As substrate concentration rises, reaction rate increases steeply at first, then plateaus at Vmax once every enzyme molecule is working at full capacity; Km is the substrate concentration giving half-maximal rate, and a LOWER Km means the enzyme reaches that rate with less substrate (higher affinity).
Concept context
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and enzyme kinetics. Essential foundation for understanding metabolism.